‘Friends’ and the play of ‘Neville’s Island’ Essay

The hit sitcom ‘Friends’ began ten years prior when we were first acquainted with Monica, Rachael, Phoebe, Chandler, Ross and Joey and today I am going to contrast the sitcom of ‘Friends’ and the play of ‘Neville’s Island’ which was composed by Tim Firth. Neville’s Island isn't just a play. It has likewise been as of late made into a film featuring Timothy Spall, Martin Clunes, Jeff Rawle and David Bamber. ‘Friends’ then again was composed and still stays for TV and for as long as ten years it has been communicated over the Atlantic to a huge number of energetic watchers both in America and the U.K. In America ‘Friends’ is communicated over the TV station of NBC contrasted with the U.K where it is gotten through Channel 4. At the point when we initially watch the film of ‘Neville’s Island’ we are acquainted with four agents, who, when their pontoon sinks, wind up abandoned on a little island, called Rampsholme in the Lake District’s Derwent Water. The Four Characters in Neville’s Island are in a group building end of the week, they are Neville, (Jeff Rawle), has become the chosen Captain of the gathering, who at that point demonstrates he is unfit for his position when he drives the group off course. He puts forth a valiant effort to keep up request in the group’s contentions, and functions admirably as a go-between as he ends up being truly sensible with his individual friends, and he is by all accounts the most balanced individual from the gathering to ‘island life’, He is wearing an Anorak and wears glasses. He attempts his hardest to keep the harmony among Angus and Gordon, (Timothy Spall) who is very mocking towards his individual friends and a ppears to get on each and every defect in their character, which later demonstrate him to be a harasser, his pitiless mockery gives us numerous entertaining minutes all through the play of Neville’s island, for example, â€Å"all Christians resemble Radio hams†. Gordon appears to have numerous tirades at his kindred associates the greater part of which result in â€Å"handbags at dawn† style pressure among him and Angus, (David Bamber) whom toward the beginning of the play; he seems to be a well-meaning individual who is loaded with positive thinking. Angus appears to have dressed out of the camp shop side of his closet so to talk as he is dressed continually in cagoules, anoraks and sewed caps. Angus ends up being somewhat pitiful as he appears to exhaust everybody firm, with his various endeavors at splitting jokes. Likewise, later in the play where all expectation appears to need to been lost he out of nowhere uncovers a concealed frankfurter, which in the warming of ends up being extremely clever. He may likewise later have upset the gatherings salvage as he appears to have purchased the whole load of an outdoors shop and enlightened no one concerning it, his shopping list incorporates a 18-inch blade, climbing rope†¦and for reasons unknown unbeknown to his individual standees†¦..a supper suit! Roy, (Martin Clunes), is a conceived again Christian who has an un-kempt appearance. Roy has as of late came back to work following a drawn out breakdown, after the demise of his mom, Lucy, he truly clings to his rational soundness and Gordon’s bluster about how elderly individuals just become strict in light of the fact that ‘they are terrified, and there simply getting, snatching, snatching at the rope, and no-ones holding the other end’ doesn’t help either as this close enough sends Roy into a backslide, and he vanishes into the undergrowth with a 18-inch blade, so the gathering dread he may plan something for hurt himself, yet later he is discovered, sat up a tree wearing just his clothing, yet after he restores the blade to Neville, they dread he may end his own life again as Angus’ nearly ‘mile’ long bit of rope has disappeared, and they figure he may hang himself†¦ he additionally uncovers to Neville that he helped his mom to end her own life†¦Roy is likewise a sharp birdwatcher, and he takes as much tim e as is needed on the island to watch an uncommon hawk, and is called among numerous different things by Gordon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Doo-lally’ ‘Friends’ is around 6 companions who all live in a similar square of condos in New York, the show takes us through their individual qualities, shortcomings, issues and goals†¦most of all their interweaving associations with one another. The characters in companions are Joey Tribbiani †(Matt Leblanc.) Joey is wide carried, wide-peered toward and half-witted. Joey originates from New York and is a sweetheart who has had numerous accomplices. Joey is a not all that great on-screen character who never needs to play-act being a hero or a superior companion, yet he needs to become wildly successful as an on-screen character. He is shameless, and a large portion of his jokes are explicitly orientated, trailed by hand signals. Joey is wry. Chandler Bing †(Matthew Perry) Wise-splits, and sets off improvement in characters and storyline. Chandler seems, by all accounts, to be over-qualified at work and he is by all accounts terrified of spouse Monica. Chandler offers downright awful guidance. Ross Geller †(David Schwimmer) Ross is the exemplification of a scholarly nerd as he is a specialist in Paleontology. Ross is as yet searching for affection after 3 separations. He has consistently adored Rachael. Ross is very geeky, and (more often than not) adheres to the standard book. Rachael Green †(Jennifer Aniston), Rachael seems to be an IT/Daddy’s young lady. She dither’s a great deal, and is intended to be with Ross, despite the fact that they have floated separated ordinarily. Monica Geller Bing †(Courtney Cox Arquette) used to be a secondary school greasy, yet now has thinned down to fanatical and cleaning frantic Monica. She is a decent sister to Ross and a companion to everybody. Subsequent to wedding Chandler, Monica appears to have made him discover his development. Phoebe Buffay Hannigan †(Lisa Kudrow) a flower child chick who has had a horrible existence, her mom executed herself, her stepfather went to jail, and she lived in the city for a portion of her life. She makes individuals frantic with her out-of-key society melodies that she composes with her guitar. Phoebe can be very dippy, however she is thoughtful hearted, a decent soul, and appears to accept regularly as it comes. She close to enough buoys around and I think would have fit in consummately in the 60’s. †Very silly. The sitcom of companions is set in New York and it has all the earmarks of being focused on the more youthful ages of the 90’s and 00’s, this is for the most part brought about by its diversion and that the characters themselves are exceptionally youthful. In contrast with this the play of ‘Neville’s Island’ is set in a remote island in a lake in the Lake District and its characters are on the whole moderately aged around 40 years of age and ‘Neville’s Island’, I think can engage all ages as the parody and setbacks that happen between the four characters of Angus, Roy, Gordon and Neville could nearly transpire of all ages. The four men in ‘Neville’s Island’ are largely officials of a water organization and they have been sent in this group building exercise. The kinships in either dramatization are altogether different, as the 6 companions in ‘Friends’ are for the most part colossally close and in the wake of being so for a long time they seem to have an adoration for one another which accompanies a bond that makes their fellowships so unique to them, despite the fact that the gathering is half men, half ladies separated from sexual strain among Monica and Chandler, Ross and Rachael this appears to not influence their kinships at all. These obligations of companionship couldn't be more unique in relation to in the play of ‘Neville’s Island’ by Tim Firth as the four partners appear to have been compelled to be together and this makes bunches of pressure between them especially with Roy and Gordon with his tirades about â€Å"all Christians resemble radio-hams†. The four associates appear to be each enduring each other continually and we get a feeling that on the off chance that they had not worked i n a similar work environment, these four people could never had considered turning out to be companions with one another. The Two drama’s of ‘Friends’ and ‘Neville’s Island’ have been written around the same time and they incorporate numerous ethical issues and data about current undertakings for instance the disposition of ‘Friends’ was marginally changed for some time during the result of the September eleventh psychological oppressor assaults on the World exchange communities. The home life/way of life has influenced the characters of the considerable number of characters in either show, for example, Phoebe is marginally frantic and once in a while capricious. This may have been brought about by her conditions as a kid as her mom murdered herself, her stepfather went to jail, and she lived in the city for a portion of her life. In ‘Neville’s Island’ we see Gordon who seems to menace the vast majority he sees by getting on each imperfection in their character and utilizing it as ammo against them, Gordon seems, by all accounts, t o be trying to claim ignorance as in certainty he is desolate however will not concede this. There are numerous topics/gives that emerge from the two shows of ‘Neville’s Island’ and ‘Friends’, for example, Status; in ‘Friends’ the 6 characters stand nearly as people and they regard each other as a result of it and separated from minute upheavals from such characters as Monica giving tirades about â€Å"Crummies†, however this is essentially a piece of Monica’s character and doesn't recognize her as having more control over individual companions. As opposed to this there is utilization of Status/Power in ‘Neville’s Island’, and this comes mostly from the character Gordon tormenting individuals and bossing them about. Gordon isn't anyway the picked pioneer of the gathering, who is Neville yet Gordon, thinks little of his given expert on the island and basically does what he needs and says what he needs paying little mind to their sentiments. Gordon consistently offers mocking and negative remarks a bout his individual

Energy Efficient And Environmentally Friendly Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The undermentioned examination is a basic top to bottom investigation of Green or Sustainable structure. Green design is an assault to building that decreases destructive impacts on the earth and to human health. The green inside decorator endeavors to proceed with the normal home ground of Earth by using Earth neighborly structure stuffs and building procedures. There are numerous elements considered by inside decorators while planing â€Å" green † . The examination essentially centers around how green structure can populate close by or even replaces current housing building designs and the favorable circumstances it offers the inhabitants and inside decorators similarly. The able issue examined in the investigation is acceptable known and has been talked about/planned the universe over. Any structure whether a house or an office could be planned in a way to shield indoor unbounded from outer components, chief representation being the conditions. So as to achieve this reason, various components, for example, advanced warming, cooling frameworks, airing and proper stuffs can be utilized. As such, tremendous wholes of vitality is moderated on an everyday balance. Savingss, for example, these non simply have monetary advantages to the customer, yet alongside to the earth with less hurtful radiations being created than typical vitality ingestion. The examination is separated into sections and will talk the undermentioned focuses in thing: Presentation on what is Green structure and why the interest for adjustment History of green plan and how it has been utilized all through clasp, focusing on stuffs utilized in the days gone by and the green movement today Standards of Green plan and methodological analysiss consolidated. Instances of Green structure. Focusing on three separate bodies, for example, ; Refurbished Apartment Block, A house and a Commercial physical make-up. How green structure can hold a positive result on vitality productive and naturally agreeable buildings. How Designing and making productsA with new propelled considerations will downplay ecological pollute, chop down the use of vitality and present the use of substitute vitality. What changes to conventional examples are being made to achieve Government marks with representations of effective current green building endeavors. The adjustments required for the great beyond and ask the request on the off chance that it is workable for every single future structure to be green. Choice, summing up the focuses talked about in the investigation. Presentation The undermentioned part presents green plan and remembers definitions for what is implied by green or manageable structure. The section other than talks about why the interest to travel ‘green ‘ and the Government stamps and request set by the United Nations. In 1983, the United Nations set up the World Commission on Environment and Development ( Bruntland Commission ) . At that point in 1987, the panel distributed ‘Our Common Future ‘ , which characterized practical ( green ) advancement as: Fulfilling the needs of the present without bargaining the capacity of future coevalss to run into their ain requests ( MacKenzie, 1991, p10 ) . Supportability or green structure is characterized by the Design Council as, ‘delivering the best ( cultural, ecological, financial ) open introduction for the least ( cultural, natural, monetary ) cost. ‘ In request for an inside decorator to accomplish maintainability a comprehensive assault must be clung to which exchanges with the extent of requests showed by the undermentioned three mainstays of supportable turn of events: Social obligation Natural assurance Financial turn of events The spot structure industry began using the expression green buildings in the late eightiess ( other than alluded to as practical plan ) transforming a specialty movement of asset productive spots into a calm transformation, which has simple become a perfect or best way to develop. Fundamentally, Green feasible building configuration is an a little bit at a time place structure technique to downplay the negative effects on nature and which is other than asset productive. The Green assault is a sensible answer to a variety of issues that influence we all in present day twenty-four hours life for example adjusting conditions structures, expanding vitality money related qualities and debilitating H2O assets. Orchestrating to the UK Green structure Council, which was propelled in February 2007, buildings are answerable for around 40 % of our whole C footmark, which adds to crude material use and waste creation. Thus, you can reason that buildings immensy affect the earth. ( UK Green Building Council, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Orchestrating to the Salford University Energy @ the University site, UK family spreads expanded by 40 % somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2005 and 44 % of all UKs ‘ CO2 radiations originated from residential power ingestion and individual travel. ( University Of Salford, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Join this with the abatement in regular assets and increment in fuel money related qualities, affecting everyone and there is no vulnerability that the UK is making a horrendous emergency. ( Wicks, M.Woolas, P, 2008, [ online ] ) Biological and natural features, for example, conditions, clime modification and contamination are on the insight regular. The interest for eco-accommodating stocks and housing is expanding. Besides, turning awareness of the potential effects of clime modification is affecting how organizations work and the stocks they offer, both creation new markets and diminishing or destructing bing 1s. Robert and Brenda Vale in their book Green Architecture. Structure for a Sustainable Future characterizes green plan as: aë†â ¦green assault to the constructed condition includes an all encompassing assault to the plan of buildings ; that all the assets that go into a structure, be they stuffs, powers or the piece of the clients should be thought of if a supportable design is to be producedaë†â ¦ ( Vale, R.Vale, B,1991, p5 ) Blending to the Vales 66 % of whole UK vitality use is represented by structures and building and administrations. This figure recommends that structure and structure building are one of the a large portion of import clients of vitality and assets. So as to attempt issues, for example, ozone exhaustion, regular asset wastage, poisonous transmissions, the structure plan and building administrations will hold to rethink all structure stuffs creation, building and travel strategies. Protecting spots or using low vitality noticeable radiation bulbs will non do quite a bit of a distinction and cardinal modifications are required. ( Vale, R.Vale, B, 1991, p5 )Chapter 1: Past and A ; PresentThe undermentioned section talks about how green structure has been utilized in the days of old and the various stages or inclinations it has experienced up until the present. The section other than examines a portion of the ventures accessible from the Government to help individuals travel green.1.1 His toryGreen configuration may seem like a relatively new develop, yet the Anasazi Indians in the U.S. assembled the principal green spots 1000s of mature ages back each piece right on time as 700 A.D. Eric Freed writes in book Green Building and Remodeling for Dummies that couple of their green spot plans included idle sunlight based warming and chilling airing frameworks. They were so before their clasp that they other than found a strategy for water accumulation for water system all of which made utilization of characteristic, non-poisonous stuffs, for example, wood, earth and rock. In spite of the fact that these antiquated green structure musings are progressed and acceptable before their clasp, it would all things considered be difficult to use them in current structure programs however the green spots do serve great as a motivation to developers and creators who are keen on be aftering and planing eco-accommodating green spots and networks. Common, reused, non-ordinary and non-harmful building stuffs can be only every piece effective in footings of run intoing the basis needs of a structure while other than encouraging maintainability and cut bringing down health risks on its inhabitants. Developing plan has experienced a figure of stages since forever. The first being the expanding toughness and length of administration of the stuffs utilized. Early building stuffs were sensitive, for example, foliages, developments, and fleshly fells. Before long, all the more enduring normal stuffs, for example, rock, timber and mud were utilized. At that point in the long run, man-made stuffs, for example, block, solid, metals, and plastic were being fused. Another inclination was the interest for bigger structures with extensive height, which was accomplished by building more grounded stuffs and by cognizing of how these stuffs cooperated with each other to gain the most out of them. Another propensity was to order within the buildings, for example, the natural aspects like air temperature, obvious radiation and sound degrees and so forth, factors that influence human solace. At long last going towards the use of incredible hardware on the other hand of universes in the structure building methodology and how by using these techniques would chop down energy.1.2 Past DecadesBy 1980, the green structure movement was just persuade bringing down to be composed but since vitality money related qualities were low, individuals did non see the interest to rescue and henceforth tiny progression was made. The movement was get bringing down yet was as yet a long way from the considerations framed in before decennaries. ( The tenet of feasible plan, p29 ) . Promoters for practical plan confronted additional boundaries and Green structure considerations were hard to get a hold of. Green stuffs were increasingly costly and hard to occur. People groups did non hold adequate insight and on the grounds that there was non an interest for Green, mistakes were being made. These mixes of variables were non recipes for fast developing and consequently Green was no longer observed as the in-thing. ( The regulation of maintainable plan, p30 ) .1.3 The twenty-first centuryThe 21st century is the place green or economical structure really lifted off and exceptionally this dece

Transient Applications are Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2017 Transfer/Transient Applications are Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2017 Transfer/Transient Applications are Open The Summer/Fall transfer and transient applications opened on Tuesday, January 24. While the application is now open, please take your time completing it. Again, please take your time, as it is much easier to submit a correct application than fix problems with a error filled one. Make sure you are applying for the correct program, the correct campus, the correct term, etc. Here are a few suggestions and updates for transfer applicants.While the application is open, we project we will not begin reviewing Summer transfers and transients until mid-late February, and we will not start with Fall transfers until March. Review our transfer procedures and requirements, as well as our academic consideration levels. Select the term you wish to attend, not one you have heard is easier to get in (this is a myth). If you select summer, for instance, we expect you to attend for summer, and if you do not, you cannot then attend in the fall. Please send in all the required transcripts after you apply, not before. As well, we need all transcripts from colleges ever attended, even if you attended a college during HS. When you are at the page where you enter in your previous schools, start typing in the name or city of the school, and it will auto generate schools that match. Select the correct one and the right code will then populate. If a transcript has a different name than the one you applied with, please make sure to let us know so we can match up documents, If you started a freshman application earlier to set up an account, you will need to change the application type, etc. It is much better to get everything correct before applying rather than try to fix things after you submit an application, so triple check everything. Once you apply, be patient. Review the timelines page on this blog, give us time to match up things, and relax. For document matching purposes, we suggest you give us 10 business days from when you apply or submit transcripts, whichever one comes last. Make sure to monitor your status page after sending in transcripts, but give us time to complete your file. Go Dawgs, and be patient!

King Louis XVI, Deposed in the French Revolution

Louis XVI (born Louis-Auguste; August 23, 1754–January 21, 1793)  was the French king whose reign collapsed because of the French Revolution. His failure to grasp the situation and to compromise, coupled with his requests for foreign intervention, were factors that led to his execution by guillotine and the creation of the new republic. Fast Facts: King Louis XVI of France Known For:  King of France at the time of the French Revolution, executed by guillotineAlso Known As:  Louis-Auguste, Citizen Louis CapetBorn:  August 23, 1754 in Versailles,  FranceParents: Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Josepha of SaxonyDied:  January 21, 1793  in Paris,  FranceSpouse: Marie AntoinetteChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France. Early Life Louis-Auguste, the future Louis XVI, was born on August 23, 1754. His father, Louis, Dauphin of France, was the heir to the French throne. Louis-Auguste was the oldest son born to his father to survive childhood; when his father died in 1765, he became the new heir to the throne. Louis-Auguste was a keen student of language and history. He excelled at technical subjects and was deeply interested in geography, but historians are unsure about his level of intelligence. Marriage to Marie Antoinette When his mother died in 1767, the now-orphaned Louis grew close to his grandfather, the reigning king. At age 15 in 1770, he married 14-year-old Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor. For uncertain reasons (possibly related to Louis’ psychology and ignorance, rather than a physical ailment), the couple did not consummate the marriage for many years. Marie Antoinette received much of the publics blame for the lack of children in the early years of their marriage. Historians postulate that Louis initial coolness to Marie Antoinette was due to his fear that she might have too much influence over him—as her family actually desired. Early Reign When Louis XV died in 1774, Louis succeeded him as Louis XVI, aged 19. He was aloof and reserved, but possessed a genuine interest in the affairs of his kingdom, both internal and external. He was obsessed with lists and figures, comfortable when hunting, but timid and awkward everywhere else (he watched people coming and going from Versailles through a telescope). He was an expert on the French Navy and a devotee of mechanics and engineering, although this may be overemphasized by historians. Louis had studied English history and politics and was determined to learn from accounts of Charles I, the English king who was beheaded by his parliament. Louis restored the position of the French parlements (provincial courts) which Louis XV had tried to reduce. Louis XVI did so because he believed it was what the people wanted, and partly because the pro-parlementary faction in his government worked hard to convince him it was his idea. This earned him public popularity but obstructed royal power. Some historians deem this restoration as one factor that helped lead to the French Revolution. Weak Ruling From the Start Louis was unable to unite his court. Indeed, Louis’ aversion to ceremony and to maintaining a dialogue with nobles he disliked meant that court took on a lesser role and many nobles ceased to attend. In this way, Louis undermined his own position among the aristocracy. He turned his natural reserve and tendency to be silent into an act of state, simply refusing to reply to people with whom he disagreed. Louis saw himself as a reforming monarch but took little lead. He allowed the attempted reforms of Turgot at the start and promoted the outsider Jacques Necker to be finance minister, but he consistently failed to either take a strong role in government or to appoint someone like a prime minister to take one. The result was a regime riven by factions and lacking a clear direction. War and Calonne Louis approved support of the American revolutionaries against Britain in the American Revolutionary War. He was eager to weaken Britain, Frances longtime enemy, and to restore French confidence in their military. Louis was determined not to use the war as a way of grabbing new territory for France. However, by refraining this way, France accrued ever greater debts, which dangerously destabilized the country. Louis turned to Charles de Calonne to help reform Frances fiscal system and save France from bankruptcy. The king had to call an Assembly of Notables in order to force through these fiscal measures and other major reforms because the traditional cornerstone of Ancien Regime politics, the relation between the king and the parlement, had collapsed. Open to Reform Louis was prepared to turn France into a constitutional monarchy, and in order to do so, because the Assembly of Notables proved to be unwilling, Louis called an Estates-General. The historian John Hardman has argued that the rejection of Calonne’s reforms, which Louis had given personal backing, led to the kings nervous breakdown, from which he never had time to recover. Hardman argues that the crisis changed the king’s personality, leaving him sentimental, weepy, distant, and depressed. Indeed, Louis had so closely supported Calonne that when the Notables, and seemingly France, rejected the reforms and forced him to dismiss his minister, Louis was damaged both politically and personally. Louis XVI and the Early Revolution The gathering of the Estates-General soon turned revolutionary. At first, there was little desire to abolish the monarchy. Louis might have remained in charge of a newly created constitutional monarchy if he had been able to chart a clear path through the momentous events. But he was not a king with clear, decisive vision. Instead, he was muddled, distant, uncompromising, and his habitual silence left his character and actions open to all interpretations. When his eldest son fell ill and died, Louis divorced himself from what was happening at key moments. Louis was torn this way and that by court factions. He tended to think long about issues. When proposals were finally put forward to the Estates, it had already formed into a National Assembly. Louis initially called the Assembly â€Å"a phase.† Louis then misjudged and disappointed the radicalized Estates, proving inconsistent in his vision, and arguably too late with any response. Attempts at Reform Despite this, Louis was able to publicly accept developments like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and his public support increased when it appeared he would allow himself to be recast in a new role. There is no proof Louis ever intended to overthrow the National Assembly by force of arms—because he was afraid of civil war. He initially refused to flee and gather forces. Louis believed France needed a constitutional monarchy in which he had an equal say in government. He disliked having no say in the creation of legislation and he was only given a suppressive veto that would undermine him every time he used it. Forced Back to Paris As the revolution progressed, Louis remained opposed to many of the changes desired by the deputies, privately believing that the revolution would run its course and the status quo would return. As general frustration with Louis grew, he was forced to move to Paris, where he was effectively imprisoned. The position of the monarchy was further eroded and Louis began to hope for a settlement that would mimic the English system. But he was horrified by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which offended his religious beliefs. Flight to Vergennes and Collapse of the Monarchy Louis then made what would prove to be a major mistake: He attempted to flee to safety and gather forces to protect his family. He had no intention, at this moment or ever, of starting a civil war, nor of bringing back the Ancien Regime. He wanted a constitutional monarchy. Leaving in disguise on June 21, 1791, he was caught at Varennes and brought back to Paris. His reputation was damaged. The flight itself did not destroy the monarchy: Sections of the government tried to portray Louis as the victim of kidnapping to protect the future settlement. His flight did, however, polarize people’s views. When fleeing, Louis left behind a declaration. This declaration is often understood as damaging him; in fact, it gave constructive criticism on aspects of the revolutionary government that deputies tried to work into the new constitution before being blocked. Recreating France Louis was now forced to accept a constitution neither he, nor few other people, really believed in. Louis resolved to execute the constitution literally, in order to make other people aware of its need for reform. But others simply saw the need for a republic and the deputies who supported a constitutional monarchy suffered. Louis also used his veto—and in doing so walked into a trap set by deputies who wished to damage the king by making him veto. There were more escape plans, but Louis feared being usurped, either by his brother or a general and refused to take part. In April 1792, the French newly elected Legislative Assembly declared a pre-emptive war against Austria (which was suspected of forming anti-revolutionary alliances with French expatriates). Louis was now seen increasingly by his own public as an enemy. The king grew even more silent and depressed, being forced into more vetoes before the Paris crowd were pushed into triggering the declaration of a French Republic. Louis and his family were arrested and imprisoned. Execution Louis’ safety came further under threat when secret papers were discovered hidden in the Tuileries palace where Louis had been staying. The papers were used by enemies to claim the former king had engaged in counter-revolutionary activity. Louis was put on trial. He had hoped to avoid one, fearing that it would prevent the return of a French monarchy for a long time. He was found guilty—the only, inevitable result—and narrowly condemned to death. He was executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793, but not before ordering his son to pardon those responsible if he had the chance. Legacy Louis XVI is generally portrayed as the fat, slow, silent monarch who oversaw the collapse of absolute monarchy. The reality of his reign is generally lost to public memory, including the fact that he tried to reform France to a degree few would ever have imagined before the Estates-General was called. An argument among historians persists as to what responsibility Louis holds for the events of the revolution, or whether he happened to preside over France at a moment when much greater forces conspired to provoke massive change. Most agree that both were factors: The time was ripe and Louis faults certainly hastened the revolution. The ideology of absolute rule was collapsing in France, but at the same time it was Louis who consciously entered into the American Revolutionary War, incurring debt, and it was Louis whose indecision and mangled attempts at governing alienated the Third Estate deputies and provoked the first creation of the National Assembly. Sources EyeWitness to History. The Execution of Louis XVI, 1793. 1999.Hardman, John. Louis XVI:  The Silent King. Bloomsbury Academic,  2000.  Hardman, John. The Life of Louis XVI.  Yale University Press,  2016.

Navajo Soldiers World War II Code Talkers

World War II had no shortage of heroes, but the conflict likely would’ve ended on a completely different note for the United States without the efforts of the Navajo soldiers known as Code Talkers. At the onset of the war, the U.S. found itself vulnerable to Japanese intelligence specialists who used their English-speaking soldiers to intercept the messages issued by the U.S. military. Each time the military devised a code, Japanese intelligence experts deciphered it. As a result, they not only learned which actions U.S. forces would take before they carried them out but gave the troops bogus missions to confuse them. To prevent the Japanese from intercepting subsequent messages, the U.S. military developed highly intricate codes that could take more than two hours to decrypt or encrypt. This was far from an efficient way to communicate. But ​World War I veteran Philip Johnston would change that by suggesting that the U.S. military develop a code based on the Navajo language. A Complex Language World War II did not mark the first time the U.S. military developed a code based on an indigenous language. In World War I, Choctaw speakers served as code talkers. But Philip Johnston, a missionary’s son who grew up on the Navajo reservation, knew that a code based on the Navajo language would be especially difficult to break. For one, the Navajo language was largely unwritten at the time and many words in the language have different meanings depending on context. Once Johnston demonstrated to the Marine Corps how effective a Navajo-based code would be in thwarting intelligence breaches, the Marines set out to sign up Navajos as radio operators. The Navajo Code in Use In 1942, 29 Navajo soldiers ranging in age from 15 to 35 years old collaborated to create the first U.S. military code based on their indigenous language. It started off with a vocabulary of about 200 but tripled in quantity by the time World War II ended. The Navajo Code Talkers could pass messages in as few as 20 seconds. According to the official Navajo Code Talkers website, indigenous words that sounded like military terms in English made up the code. â€Å"The Navajo word for turtle meant ‘tank,’ and a dive-bomber was a ‘chicken hawk.’ To supplement those terms, words could be spelled out using Navajo terms assigned to individual letters of the alphabet—the selection of the Navajo term being based on the first letter of the Navajo word’s English meaning. For instance, ‘Wo-La-Chee’ means ‘ant,’ and would represent the letter ‘A.’† U.S. Triumphs With Code The code was so complex that not even native Navajo speakers comprehended it. â€Å"When a Navajo listens to us, he wonders what in the world we’re talking about,† Keith Little, the late code talker, explained to news station My Fox Phoenix in 2011. The code also proved unique because the Navajo soldiers weren’t allowed to write it down once on frontlines of the war. The soldiers functioned essentially as â€Å"living codes.† During the first two days of the Battle of Iwo Jima, the code talkers transmitted 800 messages with no mistakes. Their efforts played a key role in the U.S. emerging from the Battle of Iwo Jima as well as the battles of Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, and Okinawa victoriously. â€Å"We saved a lot of lives†¦, I know that we did,† Little said. Honoring the Code Talkers The Navajo Code Talkers may have been World War II heroes, but the public didn’t realize it because the code created by the Navajos remained a top military secret for decades following the war. Finally in 1968, the military declassified the code, but many believed that the Navajos didn’t receive the honors befitting of war heroes. In April 2000, Sen. Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico sought to change that when he introduced a bill authorizing the U.S. president to award gold and silver congressional medals to the Navajo Code Talkers. In December 2000, the bill went into effect. â€Å"It has taken too long to properly recognize these soldiers, whose achievements have been obscured by twin veils of secrecy and time,† Bingaman said. â€Å"†¦I introduced this legislation – to salute these brave and innovative Native Americans, to acknowledge the great contribution they made to the Nation at a time of war, and to finally give them their rightful place in history.† Code Talkers Legacy The Navajo Code Talkers’ contributions to the U.S. military during World War II entered popular culture when the film â€Å"Windtalkers,† starring Nicolas Cage and Adam Beach, debuted in 2002. Although the movie received mixed reviews, it exposed a large swath of the public to World War II’s Native American heroes. The Navajo Code Talkers Foundation, an Arizona nonprofit, also functions to raise awareness about these skillful soldiers and celebrate Native American culture, history and heritage.

Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them Free Essays

In physiological side, the sex identity is regarding the appearance of the external sex organs at the birth of an infant. Hence, the sex identity of boy or girl is usually straight forward related to biological. On the other hand, the gender identity is more complicated. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them or any similar topic only for you Order Now It cannot be focus on biological process and it may affect by many aspects. Firstly, the behavior of males and females always affect by different culture and society. Each culture has their own sex roles standards and can change as time goes on. For example, there is big difference viewpoint when we look at a transvestist nowadays. We can accept this is a trendy and they are fashionable. Even though many parents can gradually accept their son or daughter is a transgender, they will try their best to lead their children in the appropriate sex roles from infancy stage. Girl must wear dress in pink and play with their â€Å"Barbie† doll. Whereas, boy must play with their car or transformers toys. Also boy should be stronger than girl and protect them always. Crying is for girl only. Hence, the major influences on the child’s adoption of typical masculine or typical feminine are their parents’ attitudes. In general, tomboy is easier to accept by people than effeminate behavior for boys. The sex-roles of cultures that are radically different from our own. According to Margaret Mead’s studying of three tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she found that few sex role differences in the Arapesh and the Mundugumor. The males and females of the Arapesh were passive, gentle and co-operative. The Mundugumor were aggressive, restrictive and fierce. The Tchambuli appeared to be a complete reversal of the typical male and female sex-roles as we know them. The women were independent and aggressive whilst the men were considered sentimental and emotional. Such finding indicated a great deal of cultural and social influences on the child’s formation of either male or female. By learning theory, the acquisition of gender roles was by teaching rather than biological. Bandura, the social learning theorist, believe that sex appropriate behaviors are learned like the other behaviors. They are both via imitation and reinforced by parents. Non-appropriate behaviors is not allowed or actively discouraged. From the infant was born, their parents started to instil sex appropriate behaviors consciously and unconsciously. Goldberg and Lewis in 1969 studying 32 girls and 32 boys with their mothers, they found that the emergence of sex-typed behaviors by the age of 13 months and indicated links between these sex-appropriate behaviors and the way in which these toddlers had been treated by their mothers. At the result, greater dependency on their mother which was showed by the girls at 13 months was due to the differences in handling at 6 months. Hence, it appears that early differences in handling may contribute to the emergence of sex-typed behavior. Some theorist believe that the biological factors still can explain why a child adopts a specific gender roles through two main ways. One is the effects of hormones and the other is the lateralisation of brain functions. Young and his associates used monkey for testing. They injected pregnant monkeys with testosterone (a male hormone) early in their pregnancy. They found that female offspring had some genital abnormalities and showed types of social behavior which were more characteristic of male monkeys. Later testing the female monkeys injected testosterone after birth but before puberty, they become much more assertive, and even becoming very powerful. From another theorist, John Money, he matched pairs of hermaphrodites, he concluded that it is the socially imposed identity which is the accepted one though there does appear to be a critical period between 18 months and 3 years after which sexual reassignment is unwise. Regard to the lateralisation of brain functions, two hemispheres of the brain specialize in different functions. In general, the left hemisphere is concerned with processing verbal material while the right hemisphere deals with spatial information. The other theorist, Bryden found that men are more specialised than women. That means men are more vulnerable to the effects of brain damage than women. For example, if a woman suffers damage to the left hemisphere she is less likely to suffer language impairment than a man with similar damage. Similarly, if a woman suffers damage to the right hemisphere she is less likely to show spatial problems than a man. As a result, the specialisation of the two hemispheres of the brain seem to indicate that some sex differences are inate. How to cite Describe Sexual and Gender Identity, the Distinction Between Them, Essay examples

Standards of Measure and Access an Example by

Standards of Measure and Access An easy and a quality access to health care delivery system are very important to a country specifically in the United States. These will save time, effort, energy and money. Quality has four components. These are composed of the following, effectiveness, patient safety, timeliness, and patient centeredness. On the other hand, access has also four components; these are composed of entry into the health care system, structural barriers within the system, ability of provider to address patient needs, and utilization of care ("National Healthcare Disparities Report ", 2003). Need essay sample on "Standards of Measure and Access" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In the United States, one of the significant barriers for the people in accessing an easy and quality health care delivery is the distance of a health care facilities and the health care provider as well. Most of the people in the United States who encountered problems in acquiring an easy and quality access to health care services are the people living in the rural areas. This is due to the fact that most health care providers are living in urban areas where affluent families reside. Health care providers usually chose to reside in an urban area because most of the people living there are affluent families that can afford even very expensive health care expenses. For these following reasons, there is an obvious inequality in the distribution of providing health care services in the United States. (Bagheri, Benwell, & Holt, 2005) There are five types of barriers of accessibility in Primary Health Care (PHC). These are composed of the following; availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and accommodation. The last three types are known as non-spatial barriers and involve socio-economic factors. The first two types are generally spatial in nature. Availability refers to the existing health care services which the people can choose from different options or alternatives. Accessibility is the distance of the people from their residential place to the health care facilities or to the primary health care providers. Availability and accessibility are considered as spatial accessibility and the goal is to determine if Primary Health Care (PHC) services are equally distributed within the community or country based on World Health Organization (WHO) rules and country health policies. Affordability is the capability of an inpidual to pay for the costs of rendering health care. In this case, the people who belong to affluent families are the ones who can afford to pay even the most expensive health care so that they have an easy access to quality health care compare to the poor people. Acceptability refers to the way an inpidual acknowledge a treatment from a health care provider or vice versa. And lastly, accommodation is the way the patient is being treated by the health care provider during the treatment period. These five factors mentioned above greatly affect the proper rendering of primary health care to an inpidual by health care providers (Guagliardo, 2004). There are three levels of access measurement. These are the following: inpidual, health plan and delivery system. An inpidual or a patient is the primary recipient of health care provided by the health care providers. A health plan is the amount of money or energy being reserved by an inpidual for the next years in case he will eventually seek for health care. And lastly, the delivery system is the way health care services are being rendered to the inpiduals or patients in the community or country depending on the availability, accessibility, and affordability. Primary health care services are very important to an inpidual, family, community, and country. It is a way of prolonging the life of an inpidual and preventing the aggravation of ones illness. Hence, primary health care services should be available, accessible, and affordable to all the people regardless of their societal status. For this reason, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the United States of America funds programs to improve health by expanding access to comprehensive, quality health care for all Americans.(Gruwell, 2003). REFERENCES: Bagheri, N., Benwell, G., & Holt, A. (2005). Measuring spatial accessibility to primary health care [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 27 February from http://eprints.otago.ac.nz/349/01/12_bagheri.pdf Gruwell, C. (2003). Health Care Delivery Systems. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.biomed.lib.umn.edu/help/guides/HSM3521 Guagliardo, M. F. (2004). Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 27 February from http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/3/1/3. National Healthcare Disparities Report (2003, February 27). Retrieved February 24, 2007, from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr03/nhdr03.htm

National Lampoon essays

National Lampoon essays National lampoon? vacation would certainly stand up as one of the funniest classic rode trip movies in 80?. Canny scripts and superb performances of characters made this film one of the best rode trip movie. Everything just happens all of sudden in this film. From the beginning until they reach their destination, which is Wally World, all kinds of hilarious incidents happens spontaneously without anyone predicted. And all these spontaneities make this film even better and people love it. But it is indeed painful to watch the hapless Clark fumble his way through the series of disasters that happen to him on his vacation. Clark is a patriarch of a stereotypical American family who decided to take his wife, son, and daughter to an amusement park in California from Chicago. Along the way, they have to contend with a trip to their cousins and end up dragging odd old aunt along for the ride. Clark and his family all get stuck with the task of carrying the irritating aunt. What the family does in order to get her home is one of the highlights of the movie. Clark straps the dead aunt to the roof of the car, and leaves the corpse in front of the empty house in the hard rains. But nothing could be compared to what happens to her little dog. It is so hilarious when Clark tries to explain about the dog being dragged behind the car. When they finally get into Arizona through all those incidents, they, again, get lost in the middle of the desert and crashed their car. And when they visit another hotel and Clark sees a beautiful woman, who flirts with him in the film, again and here comes the funniest part in the whole film. Clark has a hilarious outburst while his wife, the kids, and all the people in the hotel look on him with amazement. They finally make it to Wally World, and as we predicted for something to be happened, it has closed for constructions. Clark couldn? just disappoint his wife and the kids, so he decided t...

Which Schools Use the Universal College Application Complete List

Which Schools Use the Universal College Application Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to college soon, you might have heard about the Universal College Application, a service that allows you to apply to multiple colleges with one application. So which colleges are on the Universal College Application? And is it worth using? We will give the complete list and also weigh the pros and cons of the UCA. What Is the Universal College Application? The UCA was created in 2007, and currently serves 44 colleges. While that’s a pretty big list, it’s much smaller than the list of colleges the Common Application serves. The Common Application is the Universal College Application’s main competitor, and works with over 500 colleges. However, just because fewer colleges accept the Universal College Application as opposed to the Common Application doesn’t mean it’s seen as worse. Colleges that accept both applications treat them as equal choices. For example, Harvard presents them as equal choices, listing â€Å"Common/Universal College Application† as a required part of your application. On their FAQ page, Cornell clarifies that both the Common and Universal College Application are treated equally:â€Å"Although there are slight differences in the applications, it is important to recognize that both applications provide us with the critical information that our selection committees will need to make thoughtful admissions decisions and they will be viewed equally.† So if the schools you’re interested in use both the Universal College Application and the Common Application, you can choose which one to use. The Biggest Names on the Universal College Application Many big name schools in the US use the Universal College Application, including three of the Ivy League schools – Cornell, Harvard, and Princeton. Brandeis University Cornell University Duke University Harvard College Johns Hopkins University Princeton University Rice University The University of Chicago Vanderbilt University Notably, the rest of the Ivy League – Brown, Dartmouth, Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale – doesn’t use the Universal College Application. Big names like Stanford, MIT, and Caltech don’t use it either. The Universal College Application by State 21 states, plus Bulgaria, have colleges that accept the Universal College Application. New York and Massachusetts have the most UCA schools, while most of the other states on the list only have one or two.Check out the complete list below. Florida Embry Riddle Aeronautical University – Daytona Beach, FL Lynn University – Boca Raton, FL University of Tampa – Tampa, FL Georgia Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) - Savannah, Georgia Illinois The University of Chicago – Chicago, IL Maryland Johns Hopkins University – Baltimore, MD Notre Dame of Maryland University – Baltimore, MD Massachusetts Bay Path College – Longmeadow, MA Brandeis University – Waltham, MA Dean College – Franklin, MA Emerson College – Boston, MA Fisher College – Boston, MA Harvard College – Cambridge, MA Wentworth Institute of Technology – Boston, MA Michigan Lawrence Technological University – Southfield, MI Missouri Westminster College – Fulton, MO New Jersey Monmouth University – West Long Branch, NJ Princeton University – Princeton, NJ New York Colgate University – Hamilton, NY Cornell University – Ithaca, NY Nazareth College – Rochester, NY Rensselaer Polytechnic University – Troy, NY Rochester Institute of Technology – Rochester, NY University of Rochester – Rochester, NY Utica College – Utica, NY North Carolina Duke University – Durham, NC Gardner-Webb University – Boiling Springs, NC Ohio Lake Erie College – Painesville, OH Pennsylvania Wilson College – Chambersburg, PA Rhode Island Bryant University – Smithfield, RI Johnson and Wales University – Providence, RI Roger Williams University– Bristol, RI South Carolina Newberry College – Newberry, SC Tennessee Christian Brothers University – Memphis, TN Vanderbilt University – Nashville, TN Texas Rice University – Houston, TX Vermont Landmark College – Putney, VT Southern Vermont College – Bennington, VT Virginia RandolphCollege –Lynchburg, VA West Virginia University of Charlestown – Charlestown, WV Wisconsin Beloit College– Beloit, WI Milwaulkee School of Engineering – Milwaukee, WI Wyoming University of Wyoming – Laramie, WY Bulgaria American University in Bulgaria – Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria States without Universal College Application Colleges Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota,Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Washington, DC. List of colleges via the Universal College Application website. Should You Use the Universal College Application? If you see a lot of your target schools on this list, you’re probably wondering if you should use the Universal College Application, or go with the Common Application instead. The main benefit to the Common Application is how many colleges it works with. So if you see most or all of the schools you want to apply to (excluding public state schools, which typically have their own application systems) on this list, you can go with the Universal College Application. The UCA is faster and more flexible in many ways – you can write your essay on whatever you want and include links to online content you’ve produced. Plus, since it’s a smaller service, you can get faster technical support if you need it and are less likely to run into submission problems. However, it’s very likely that you have a few colleges on your application list that only take the Common Application, not the Universal College Application. If that’s the case, you might want to consider going with the Common Application instead, since it will save you time. What’s Next? We have a thorough discussion of the differences between the Universal College Application and the Common Application in this post if you want to read more about the two options. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Learn for sure which one you will do best on. Get tips for writing the ACT essay or SAT essay, step-by-step. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Enterprise - Essay Example f its customers by offering them timely services; clean vehicles and easy local accessibility which can reduce the cost for its customers while at the same time ensure that customer expectations are met. One of the key assets, firm has been able to develop over the period of time is the strong Human Resource Base. The quality of the HR is considered as one of the key assets because firm is not only the largest recruiter of the graduates but also put them through a systematic training which helped employees to understand the business from bottom up. Apart from this, firm has been able to develop a better customer services, large fleet, local management and truly customer focus. However, considering the overall change in dynamics, the management of the firm may use following strategies to achieve further growth : 1. Firm needs to develop alternative delivery channels to further penetrate into the market. Currently, though it is following all local strategy however, it needs to focus on developing alternative channels to achieve the growth. The changes in the technology may help the organization to achieve required level of growth therefore firm can use online web portals as well as mobile applications as alternative booking channels for its services. This can help firm to specially target those customers who are mobile and want to use rented cars for commuting long distances. 2. The current strategy of the firm is focused upon delivering local solutions to the customers through effective services, clean vehicles and cheaper rides. This strategy however, may not be viable as the overall demographics and consumer orientation changes. The current breed of customers require strong reviews, online social acceptance before they make any purchase decision. In order to cater to the needs of a customer base which is too mobile and have loads of information at access, it is critical that the firm shall match desired experience of such consumers. It needs to move out of its

American in the 50s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

American in the 50s - Essay Example These changes in social interaction as well as culture were largely brought about by the increase in economic prosperity in the country. People were not struggling as much to get a job or earn a living giving hence leaving them free time to engage in other activities. The presence of peace after the war also led to people having the freedom to be creative in the entertainment arena and hence the cultural development alongside the social development. The cold war made the US take sides with the anti-communists and this meant that it preferred capitalism. Capitalism led to the economic boom and the social changes that took place in the society as every person worked hard on their own initiative and interacted in trade hence creating bonds and friendships in the process. The cold war also created a political climate that was conservative and which did not agree much with direct confrontation that would lead to war. The political climate that was present therefore set the atmosphere of increased productivity and creativity without any cause of alarm for future (Costigliola and Michael

Achieving Sustainable Development In Developing State Of Grenada Tourism Essay

Achieving Sustainable Development In Developing State Of Grenada Tourism Essay In order to adequately address the question of why Sustainable Development is important in the context of the Small Island Developing State of Grenada it is important to first understand what Sustainable Development is and what it entails. Secondly, the characteristics of Grenada must be described in terms of the most viable approach for achieving Sustainable Development. According to the Brundtland Report (1987), sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The commission also emphasizes that whether a country is considered developed or developing (in the context of Grenada) the goals of social and economic development must be defined in terms of sustainability. According to the CIA World Fact Book (2010), Grenada relies heavily on tourism as its main means of foreign exchange. The tourism industry contributed 72.98 % of Grenadas overall GDP in 2008 (World Bank Statistics, 2008), which underpins the importance of this industry to the economy. Therefore, sustainable development as it pertains to Grenada should be examined within the framework of tourism since it is Grenadas principal income generator and in essence what fuels the economy. However, it must be noted that tourism is not the only industry that can be looked at in terms of sustainability in Grenada. Agriculture, construction, textiles and food and beverages are also other industries. However, these also feed into the tourism sector. According to Joseph (2010), tourism utilizes the historic, economic, socio-cultural and environment to grow and develop. The concept of sustainability as it relates to tourism put forth by McKercher (2003) further strengthens this point since its approach is very holistic and encompasses four main pillars; economic, ecological/environment, cultural and local. All four pillars are recognized as being paramount in order to achieve any form of sustainability. Therefore each pillar will be examined in the in the context of Grenada. According to McKercher (2003) economic sustainability is geared at profiting the country in both the immediate and long term. Tourism affords the Small Island Developing State of Grenada the opportunity of improving its economic well-being (Joseph, 2010). Grenada derives many economic benefits from the tourism industry. The tax revenues collected as a result of accommodation, restaurant taxes, airport and sales taxes all provide the government with much required tax revenues. The jobs created are spread across the economy, such a retail, construction, manufacturing and communications (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 1999). Additionally, it earns the country valuable foreign exchange. This new money which is brought into the country in turn creates a multiplier effect, thus circulating many segments of the economy (Joseph, 2010). Tourism also attracts additional businesses and services as a means of support. Grenada is currently experiencing tough economic times as a result of the global financial crisis. As a result, unemployment and poverty levels are increasing creating the need of employment opportunities for locals. According to the International Monetary Fund (2010), the Gross Domestic Product of Grenada is estimated to have declined 7.7% with a 13% drop in tourism. Therefore, one of the economic concerns for tourism in Grenada that this brings to the forefront is the diversity of the local economy. According to McKercher (2003) the diversification of the products by developing a wide range of tourism activities is part of economic sustainability. This should be taken into consideration since the tourism sector in Grenada is seasonal thus being unable to provide steady streams of income. Also, Grenada is susceptible to natural disasters particularly hurricanes which have a devastating effect on tourism infrastructure. Therefore, the adoption of sustainable tourism development could serve to create diversity and thus mitigate against economic vulnerability in the tourism sector. Another economic consideration that pertains to sustainable tourism in Grenada is the minimization of leakage. McKercher (2003) promotes the formation of partnerships throughout the entire supply chain from micro-sized local businesses to multinational organizations. A major form of leakage in the context of Grenada is that many of the profits generated from the industry are exported since many of the major tourist operations are owned by foreigners. For Example, many villas are being built in Grenada by foreign investors who later sell these villas to individual owners, thus not significantly contributing back to the local economy. The Port Louis project is a perfect example. Although the lagoon is much more picturesque than it was before Peter De Savary invested in it. Grenadians havent directly benefited from this development since Mr. De Savary has made his profit by selling the pr operty to Camper and Nicholson, another foreign owner, and left with his money. Consequently, the occurrence of leakage results in the local population bearing the environmental and cultural costs of tourism while retaining relatively little of the economic benefits and thus reducing the multiplier effect. Over the last few years Grenada has experienced a tremendous amount of development as a result of tourism. However, many of these developments were not executed in an economically sustainable manner. Bhola (2010) emphasizes that economically sustainable tourism should ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and income, earning opportunities and social services to host communities and contributing to poverty alleviation. The Brundtland Report (1987) further stresses the integration of economic and ecological considerations in decision making because these concerns need no necessarily have to be in opposition. McKercher (2003) purports that when it pertains to ecological/environmental sustainability that any form of development must be compatible with the maintenance of essential ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources. However, in the context of Grenadas tourism industry, according to Kelly (2008) the Grenadian government is sacrificing the islands pristine [environment] to the fast buck of resort development. The Mount Hartman estate development is one such project identified as a potential threat to a tract of pristine dry forest and swampy mangroves and also the Grenada Dove which Mount Hartman happens to be a nesting site for. According to Dr. Clare Morrall (as cited by Kelly, 2008) Grenadas mangroves are incredibly important to the ecosystems of the surrounding area and what is happening in Grenada will have an impact on fishing stocksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which are at the point of collapse. The environmental characteristics of Grenada are one of the main reasons that it is such an attractive tourist destination. These include the lush green vegetation, white sandy beaches and exquisite marine and terrestrial life. However, tourism puts added strain on these resources through excess demand and unbalanced economic development (Bhola, 2010). Some of the environmental problems associated with tourism are deforestation, water and air pollution, poor solid waste management practices and coastal destruction of coral reefs, mangroves etc (Joseph, 2010). The development of hotels, marinas and harbours along our coastline has served to damage shoreline ecosystems, coral reefs and mangrove systems. According to Burke, Greenhalgh Prager et.al (2008), the valuable goods and services provided by ecosystems such as coral reefs are often overlooked or underappreciated in coastal investment , development and policy decisions, resulting in short-sighted decisions that do not maximize th e long-term economic potential of coastal areas. Therefore, not only is the environment affected but the viability of Grenada as a tourist destination is also compromised which in turn threatens economic well being since these resources are depended upon to support Grenadas main industry. World Bank Statistics (2008) shows that Grenada currently has 3 mammals and three plant species that are threatened. The Caribbean region and by extension Grenada has been listed as one of the top hotspots for endemic species worldwide, yet the Caribbean retains only 11.3% of its primary vegetation (Myers et al, 2000). This exemplifies the lack of concern for the environment and how development has been allowed to significantly contribute to the reduction of our natural resources. According to Gardiner (2009), ever form of life on this planet does not stand on its own but is supported by, and supports, other living things. He further goes on to state that to lose one species is equivalent to losing an important part of the ecosystem. This therefore underscores what is at stake if these mammal and plant species identified by the World Bank as being endangered in Grenada are allowed to become extinct. As a result, both environmental and economic vulnerability of Grenada is being exacerbated by unsustainable development. Another very important aspect of sustainable development is cultural sustainability. According to McKercher (2003), cultural sustainability increases peoples control over their lives and is compatible with the culture and values of those affected and strengthen the community identity. Grenadas history of colonialism has created a very unique and diverse culture and history which serves to enhance its marketability as a tourist destination. Colonialism has facilitated a movement of people to the Caribbean and by extension Grenada from Africa and Asia with has greatly influenced the formation of the culture through the mixture of experiences from these different Diasporas (Smyth, 2010). Carnival, Parang, Maroon festival, Folklore, string band music, big drum dancing and patois are a few of the cultural aspects of Grenada that adds to the attractiveness of the tourism product (Joseph, 2010). Although tourism could serve to reinforce the preservation and conservation of heritage and trad itions, it can also degrade the cultural environment through the commercialization of the culture, religion and arts (Joseph, 2009). Many observers believe that tourism has negatively impacted the Grenadian culture and society. According to McKercher (2003), cultural sustainability should guarantee the protection of nature, local and the indigenous cultures and especially traditional knowledge.One of the key ways in which tourism negatively impacts society is through the conflicting lifestyles and ideas between the tourist and the locals. In the Grenadian context, the locals try to imitate these lifestyles and ideas which lead to a dilution of the culture and value systems on the island. This in turn increases social problems such as theft and prostitution, and increased alcohol and drug use. In addition, the divisions between the tourist and the local population can cause a lot of tension. This tension arises from the fact that small communities where poverty, unemployment and overcrowding are pervasive are sometimes located near to hotels and other developments specifically designated for the tourist. As a result, locals become aggravated since they feel a sense of inequality in their own country. Sometim e locals are even displaced in order to accommodate a tourist. This was exemplified during the development of the Port Louis project where many of the locals were relocated to La Sagesse in St. Davids in order to make room for the villas. In this case the new development was once where the locals depended on their livelihood through fishing. Local sustainability is also a key aspect of sustainable development. According to McKercher (2010), local sustainability should be designed to benefit the local communities and generate and retain income in those communities. The provision of quality employment to community residents and the equitable distribution of financial benefits throughout the supply chain are identified as being important aspects of local sustainability. Local industries such as farming and fishing should employ sustainable practices, which should also be developed to meet the needs of the tourist. This could in turn minimize the effects of leakage. Many of the goods used by the tourism industry are bought outside of the country because many times the local suppliers cannot adequately meet demand or provide the right quality. A locally sustainable approach would provide incentives and training to local suppliers (farmers, craftsmen, fishermen etc.) to improve their standards and also to find other avenues to benefit from tourism. The Gouyave fish Friday is an example of how a local fishing community was able to benefit from tourism not by directly supplying to the hotels but through their own initiative and thus directly benefiting. However, Tourism puts added strain on local industries such as fishing and farming, therefore, a sustainable approach must be employed in order to ensure that the locals continue to benefit. The Levera turtle protection group is another example of how the locals were diverted from exploiting the turtle, by killing them for meat, to protecting them. This is more sustainable because a protected turtle will be around for a longer period to generate income for the locals, whereas the previous approach would have eventually resulted in them becoming extinct. The importance of sustainable tourism in the context of Grenada must be emphasized since the benefits that can be derived from it are numerous. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1999) further underscore this point by stating that the sustainable development of tourism is of importance for all countries, in particular for Small Island Developing States. The economic, environmental, cultural and local security of Grenada is at stake if sustainable development is not adequately adopted in Grenadas approach towards tourism. If a sustainable approach is not employed there is much at stake. The cost of repairing damages to the marine as well as the terrestrial environment could put added strain on the economy. Also, at stake is possibility of loss of endangered plant and mammal life and biodiversity. The country will also continue to experience and increased state of vulnerability towards the effects of climate change since according to AOSIS (2009), climate cha nge poses the most serious threat to our survival and viability and that it undermines our efforts to achieve sustainable developmental goals and threatens our very existence. Also at stake is the degradation of Grenadas culture and traditions. Nettleford (1977) emphasizes the importance of culture by stating that the issue of cultural identity is of great significanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and as such should be treated with the same level of importance as economic self sufficiency. In addition, the welfare of the local population could be significantly compromised since there is a possibility of increased poverty. The Brundtland Report (1987) stresses that poverty reduces peoples capacity to utilize resources in a sustainable manner which intensifies the mount of pressure placed on the environment. Therefore, every aspect of life in Grenada can be affected if a sustainable approach to tourism in not immediately employed. Therefore it can be concluded that, since tourism is such an integral part of Grenadas economy, if a sustainable approach is adopted it can significantly contribute to environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and the sustainable utilization of natural resources (UNEP, 2003). A sustainable approach to tourism in Grenada should employ a holistic approach encompassing the economic, environmental, cultural and local aspects since all these different segments of the country serve to benefit. The adaptation of a sustainable approach in the economic sense would improve the diversity and functionality of the sector while at the same time providing a wide range of economic benefits. The goods and services provided by the environment will be preserved through ecological sustainability. Cultural sustainability would serve to promote the preservation and celebration of the local culture and beliefs. And, local sustainability provides the locals with rewardin g and immediate work and income opportunities. Consequently, ever aspect of life would be positively impacted and the Small Island Developing State of Grenada could secure a more viable future.

Joseph Stalin and First Five-Year Plan Essay

Abstract The historical scope of this research essay focuses on the methods undertaken by Joseph Stalin in industrializing the Soviet Union through his First Five-Year Plan. Thus, the main question arising throughout this essay is the following: To What Extent Were Joseph Stalin’s Methods In Employing The First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) Effective In Achieving His Original Industrial Aims? In order to be able to analyze such controversial topic, the essay first addresses how Stalin approached the idea for economic growth, mainly by employing three methods: centralized, directive planning, utilization of political propaganda campaigns, and a focus on heavy industry. The results of industrialization are then analyzed and compared to the originally proposed objectives. Much of the research conducted was based on primary sources of evidence as well as secondary sources that most accurately depicted the situation of the Soviet Union at the time and its progress through the specified time pe riod of the Stalin administration. Analysis of such documents was also required in order to correctly deduce the credibility and validity of the evidence presented in order to be able to base the conclusions on the information. Lastly, the use of historians’ interpretations was used in order to substantiate claims or provide helpful alternative viewpoints. This research essay thus concluded that, although he did managed to expand enormously investment in industry and force the nation out of its backward, agrarian state, Stalin did not achieve comprehensive industrialization for the Soviet Union. Essentially, the deep bureaucratization of the economy, in concert with the particular features of the Soviet policy, produced a combination of contradictory forces originating from bureaucratic self-interests and impulsive political will. This would prevent the emergence of the right mix of factors that would assure the normal functioning of the economy. Table of Contents Abstract ———————————————————————————————————2 Abbreviations and Glossary ——————————————————————————— 4 Introduction —————————————————————————————————- 5 Stalin’s Realization for Industrialization 1. Explaining the Five-Year Plan (1928 – 1932) —————————————————-7 Analysis of Soviet Model of Industrialization under Stalin 1. Stalin and Centralized Directive Planning ——————————————————– 9 2. Stalin and Political Propaganda Campaigns —————————————————- 10 3. Stalin and Focus on Heavy Industry ————————————————————- 13 Results of First Five-Year Plan 1. Development of Overall Industrial Sector ——————————————————-10 Conclusion —————————————————————————————————-17 Notes ———————————————————————————————————- Bibliography ————————————————————————————â €”———–19 Abbreviations and Glossary 1. 2. Central Committee: Soviet Communist Party supreme body, elected at Party Congress. 3. Gosbank: Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR (USSR State Bank); Soviet Union central bank and the only bank in the entire USSR from the 1930s until 1987. 4. Gosplan: Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Planirovaniyu (State Planning Committee); committee responsible for economic planning in the Soviet Union. One of its main duties was the creation of Five-Year Plans. 5. Gossnab: State Supplies of the USSR; the state committee for material technical supply in the Soviet Union. Primarily responsible for the allocation of producer goods to enterprises, a critical state function in the absence of markets. 6. Gulag: Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei (main camp administration); eventually in charge of Soviet concentration camps. 7. Mensheviks: Minority faction of the RSDLP, founded in 1903 8. NEP: New Economic Policy (1921-1929) introduced by Lenin. 9. Pravda: the semiofficial newspaper of the Communist Party Introduction In October 1928, Joseph Stalin(1) executed the First Five-Year Plan (piatiletka) in order to strengthen the economy of the Soviet Union and accelerate its rate of industrialization. Part of a series of nationwide, centralized exercises in rapid economic development, the First Five-Year Plan would become the basis for future overall industrial production and development of heavy industries (manufacturing and military goods).(A) Since the conclusion of the First Five-Year Plan, however, numerous accounts have surfaced either praising or criticizing Stalin’s model of economic growth (depending on the interpreter’s predilection of results) in relation to the Soviet Union’s future development. Although modern historians, including  Evan Mawdsley(2) and Robert Gellately(3), debate over the extent of Stalin’s success in achieving the original aims of the First Five-Year Plan, the majority of them will agree that he did accomplish a significant and essential inc rease in industrial growth that would ultimately elevate the Soviet Union as a world class power. (E) Nevertheless, due to the unreliability of primary resources originating from Soviet archives and recurring debates among historians, some difficulties continue to exist in accurately defining the extent of Stalin’s success and whether his methods were applicable in employing the First Five-Year Plan most effectively. Advocates of Marxism-Leninism assert that the coercive and abrasive methodology in achieving major industrialization was the most appropriate and necessary in both the economic and social modernization of the USSR as well as indispensable for its survival in the face of capitalist â€Å"enemies†. However, Non-Soviet Marxists, from Mensheviks to Herbert Marcuse(4), criticize this approach for its long-term detrimental effects on the economy and working class, as well as the profound mark on the Soviet cultural life and standard of living.(F) Therefore, a critical examination of the diverse range of historical interpretations and analyses concerning this controversial subject should thus be conducted, making the topic of Soviet industrialization worthy of investigation. This research paper, in spite of the limited availability of Soviet primary sources and their dubious credibility, will thus attempt to answer the following question: To What Extent Were Joseph Stalin’s Methods In Employing The First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) Effective In Achieving His Original Industrial Aims? In this way, valuable insight into historians’ methods in incorporating evidence to support their claims and constructing their arguments based on such evidence will be gained. In order to maintain clarity and focus, this research paper will essentially discuss industrialization and will thus revolve around two themes: First, the Soviet model of industrial advancement was not comprehensive and its achievements can only by attributed and limited to certain sectors. Second, the methods employed by Stalin to achieve industrialization and economic modernization were fallible and precluded complete achievement of the proposed goals. Stalin’s Realization for Industrialization Explaining the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) It is important to first gain an understanding of what Josef Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan entailed and what he aimed to accomplish in the industrial sectors by the end of the five year period. The latter approach will enable a qualified analysis examining how the results of the plan compared to the originally established objectives, thus, providing the necessary perspective in evaluating Stalin’s methods for economic reformation. In October 1928, Stalin incorporated the Soviet blueprint for the institution of socialism in the First Five-Year Plan, representing the first attempt by a major power to transform all aspects of economy and society. This new Soviet strategy focused primarily on establishing a heavy industrial sector to expedite the growth of manufactured products and armaments as well as reconstructing the agricultural sector on a new technical foundation.(G) This would create a self-dependent USSR in terms of military and industry and, more importantly, prop agate the socialistic doctrines throughout the nation. Overall, the plan would mainly impact the industrial and agricultural sectors, but it was also set to transform the social and cultural aspects of the Soviet populace. The aims were to surpass capitalism’s per capita output; to make greater technological advancements; employ a radical transformation of agriculture through the employment of machinery and modern techniques; to give priority to heavy industry, rather than consumer goods; produce the infrastructure of a modern, efficient state; raise the standard of living, providing people access to better education, health care, and welfare; and to secure the country against foreign invaders.(H) However, this research essay will narrow the scope of Stalin’s Five-Year Plan objectives by focusing on the industrial aspects of the plan. Quantitatively, in terms of industry, the projected growth for overall industrial production was to increase by 250% and heavy industry by 330%.(I) The extent to which this economic feat of mo dernization was plausible was a matter often discussed and disputed inside the Communist Party. Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the commissar of heavy industry, admitted the challenge to be formidable considering the agrarian, industrially-backward state of the USSR. Stalin himself admitted in his 1933 speech on the results of the First Five-Year Plan that â€Å"the restoration and development of heavy industry, particularly in such a backward and poor country as [USSR] was at the beginning of the five-year  plan period, was an extremely difficult task.†(K) Their justification in making such statements probably was that heavy industry requires both the enormous financial expenditure and the existence of experienced technical forces (both of which the Soviets could not afford or did not have), without which, generally speaking, the restoration of heavy industry is impossible. Certainly, with Stalin’s steep demand in industrial development, the Five-Year Plan appeared barely achievable. Historian Evan Mawdsley correctly points out how the two major policies stipulated in the plan were extremely demanding and in the long run proved to be unattainable. It is probable he based such observation on several factors including unavailable seed capital because of international reaction to Communist policies, little international trade, and virtually no modern infrastructure. Essentially, Stalin’s proposition of the First Five-Year Plan seemed unviable and unsustainable, but it is for this same reason that it is necessary to evaluate how Stalin achieved his goals and to what extent. Analyzing the Soviet Model of Industrialization under Stalin Stalin and Centralized Directive Planning Perhaps one of the clearest distinctions in Stalin’s methods of Soviet industrialization was that it was not based on private enterprise, but that it was totally state-driven and was largely based on centralized directive planning.(J) Most effective, argues Evan Mawdsley, was the system of economic administration that was based on the party leadership, Gosplan, the ministerial system, the commissariat of heavy industry (Narkomtiazhprom), and the supervisory role of the Central Committee. In contrast to Lenin’s NEP, the First Five-Year Plan represented this new system’s movement towards establishing central planning as the basis of economic decision-making and the stress on rapid heavy industrialization. This economic mechanism displayed particular strengths at periods when the political objectives of the regime demanded a rapid breakthrough in some branches of the national economy or during the emergency of war. However, Evan Mawdsley further argues against other historians that referring to the Soviet economy as a â€Å"planned† economy would be misleading, especially for the initial period of Soviet industrialization.(M) First of all, Stalinist planning did not make for the balanced growth of industry, or consider investment rates versus  consumption rates. Historian Andy Blunden makes a similar argument in which he proposes that the Stalin economic model of development was not based on the Marxist concept of planned economy, but rather (to some extent) on a bureaucratic centralist-command economy.(N) Combining both historical interpretations, it thus follows to infer that what the system did provide was a means of rigid prioritization, concentrating production in key are as of the Soviet economy (heavy industry), but at the same time limiting the expansion and diversification of the economic sector as a result of stringent political issues. Thus, Alex Chubarov, a professor at Coventry University in England, makes a rather true statement about the overly centralized planning system in the Soviet Union: It did not always work in practice. Stalin’s policies to â€Å"tighten work discipline† often worsened economic output instead of promoting production. Because of the stringent political climate that permitted few people to provide negative input or criticize the plan, Soviet planners had very little reliable feedback which they could use to determine the success of their plans.(O) Thus, economic planning was often done based on faulty or outdated information, especially in sectors with a large clientele. As a result, certain goods, especially consumer goods, tended to be underproduced, leading to shortages, while some goods such as manufactured goods, armaments, etc. were overproduced and put in storage. Furthermore, factories took to inflating their production figures due to the severe punishment of failure and the poor quality of products inhibited their use.(P) Stalin and Political Propaganda Campaigns The next important distinction was that Stalin’s industrialization was greatly politicized. Industrialization as a process usually accompanies the movement towards modernization in any country. However, in the Soviet Union, the achievement of industrialization was greatly a result of political influences, mainly the power of carefully stage-managed propaganda campaigns. These political campaigns ultimately focused on socialist industrialization as the essential and indispensable step in building the material foundations of socialism, a theme constantly used by Stalin in several of his public appearances. The Stalinist political regime and the inflation of ideological principles for the rapid economic growth to prevent hindrance in the global â€Å"competition† would thus prove to be perhaps one of  the most necessary components of the economic success. During the late 1920s, the need for rapid industrialization arose from the question of whether Soviet Russia could pr ovide the needs to support socialism in a country that was industrially underdeveloped and agriculturally backward. Thus, as reiterated constantly by Stalin in his public speeches, socialist industrialization was the key element in instituting the material basis for socialism in the Soviet Union as well as ensuring its success. In November 19, 1928, Stalin delivered a speech warning the populace about the vulnerability of socialism to the capitalist nations, and the survival of the ideology through industrial fronts: â€Å"†¦[Soviets] have overtaken and outstripped the advanced capitalist countries by establishing a new political system. That is good. But that is not enough. To secure the final victory of Socialism in our country, we must also overtake and outstrip these countries technically and economically. If we do not do this, we shall find ourselves forced to the wall.† (B) In this excerpt from his 1928 speech, Stalin instilled fear in the population about imminent attacks from the capitalists if the USSR â€Å"did not overtake and outstrip† the Western nations through technical and economic means. However, this method of conveying war panic through the manipulation of the â€Å"catch up and overtake† (dognat’ i peregnat’) theme was used as justification to dissolve Lenin’s New Economic Policy and attain populist appeal to adopt major industrialization. Robert Gellately, the Earl Ray Beck Professor of History at Florida State University, argues that Stalin inflated a â€Å"war scare† inspired by â€Å"Anglo-French† imperialism that came up in 1927, â€Å"one he deliberately exaggerated to driv e home the point that the USSR was vulnerable to the hostile West.†(N) He denotes how Stalin used the elimination of diplomatic relations by Britain in May and the presence of political friction with France, Poland, Romania to the west and Japan to the east accordingly in â€Å"his demand to industrialize the country as rapidly as possible, to focus on heavy industry, and to drop the NEP in favor of a more Communistic five-year plan.† (D) Based on Gellately’s observation, it would follow that Stalin could then make the argument that it was crucial to the health and security of the Soviets that the Party take this change of course, facilitating popular support for the Five-Year Plan. (C) Stalin was not the only communist to take the threat seriously, and the crisis had an  important influence on the decision to industrialize. But of those nations, Romania was the only threat to ever develop. More important, however, was a subsequent â€Å"war scare† in hi s speech to industrial managers on February 1931 (during the height of the enthusiasm for the Five-Year Plan), when Stalin proclaimed: â€Å"To reduce the tempo, means to fall behind. Those who fall behind get beaten†¦We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed.† (C) Ten years later, in 1941, Adolf Hitler commences military mobilization for â€Å"Operation Barbarossa† to invade the Soviet Union. But to see the German invasion as proper justification for Stalin’s rapid industrialization solely from the perspective of the 1941 invasion would be misleading. During 1931, Germany was suffering deep economic turmoil from the Great Depression and Hitler was still a fringe politician, so it was no real danger to the USSR. Germany’s army had also been limited to 100,000 soldiers, without tanks or aircraft. Historian Mawdsley also identifies the elaborate propaganda machine, â€Å"coupled with upward mobility and popular nationalism at critical periods,† as successful in winning support for the program of industrialization.(M) However, unlike Gellately, he proposes that the acceleration of industrialization as a result of tentative attacks may have been justified. Industrialization came from the Soviets’ general mistrust of the outside world which, in turn, had root both in the Russian tradition and in the Communists’ perception of the outside world. Russia’s rulers had promoted industry for military opposition and defense as well as to assure the country’s power status. In part, Stalin and the Communist Party proselytized the ideology of â€Å"capitalist encirclement† and the real memories of invasion from European powers and Japan during World War I and the Russian Civil War. Stalin’s Method and Heavy Industry Finally, the doctrine of â€Å"socialist industrialization† put great emphasis on massive expansion of heavy industry, particularly the means of production, as a necessary first step on the way to the technological restructuring of the entire economy. Only after a massive surge in heavy industrial capacity had been achieved would it be possible to embark on a more balanced economic strategy, including the development of consumer-oriented light industry. As a result of a whole number of factors, the Soviet industrialization would be  confined, for the most part, to the one-sided priority development of heavy industry. Aside from receiving special attention from the planning the economic system of administration, industrial production was relatively easy to plan even without minute feedback, which led to significant growth in that sector. Consequently, industrial production was disproportionately higher in the Soviet Union than in Western economies, with production of consumer goods also being proportionately higher. However, one of the most eminent Marxist scholars in the world of economics, Maurice Dobbs, points out the problems of Soviet economic â€Å"planning† and explains the fallible economic logic behind the Soviet way of industrialization with investment priority for heavy industries. First of all, the rate of investment or the average savings ratio in an economy will be rather static, largely determined within fairly narrow limits by past history and past decisions. Therefore, focus should be given to distribution of investment because it may essentially determine the future output and consumption in a major way. Dobbs argues that â€Å"it may in fact be more important than the overall rate of investment.†(Q) Dobbs seems to base his argument on the theory of factor proportions, a doctrine of ‘comparative costs’ in terms of marginal productivity, which states that those factors of production that are relatively abundant have a low marginal productivity and henc e a low price and conversely with factors that are relatively scarce. Consequently, those forms of production that use relatively more of the abundant factors and economize on the scarce ones would have the lowest expenditures. He argues that in a country like Russia with plentiful labor and scarce capital, relatively labor-using techniques are most economical (rather than capital-expensive ones). It is thus more beneficial and appropriate for the applications on handicrafts and light industries rather than heavy industries, where there is a large expenditure of fixed capital (plant and equipment).(R) Results of the First Five-Year Plan Development of Overall Industrial Sector After having analyzed Joseph Stalin’s methods in employing the First Five-Year Plan, it is then necessary evaluate their impact on the proceeding industrialization results. First of all, by directing and focusing  investments on heavy industry and not consumer goods, it was possible to attain industrialization over a relatively short period. The industrialization enabled the Soviet Union to mass-produce aircraft, trucks, cars, tractors, combine harvesters, synthetic rubber, and different types of equipment designed primarily for the expansion of heavy industry and military might. In the years of the â€Å"great leap† industrial production grew at an average annual rate of 10 to 16 percent, displaying the remarkable dynamism and seemingly boundless potential of the new economic system. Table 1-1 shows the specific advancements made in heavy industries as a result of concentrating in such sector, thus, illustrating Stalin’s accomplishment of his aforementioned go al of focusing in heavy industry. Table 1-1: Russian Industrial Growth under Stalin. | 1928| 1932| Prescribed Target| Percentage Increase| Pig Iron (million tons)| 3.3 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 87.8%| Coal (million tons)| 35.4 | 64.0 | 68.0 | 80.8%| Steel (million tons)| 4.0 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 47.5%| Oil (million tons)| 11.7 | 21.4 | 19.0 | 82.9%| Electricity (mill. kWhs)| 5.0 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 168%| However, it is important to evaluate these results and compare them with the larger global context. Table 1-1 shows significant growth for heavy industries in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1932 despite only achieving the prescribed target in one of the five areas of production. Nevertheless, these results were relatively small compared to Western standards and were accomplished at a great human cost. Furthermore, reported Soviet aggregate output figures were too high, not least by failing to take into account of the rising prices. Thus, Stalin’s aforementioned methods of industrialization did indeed make advancements in heavy industrial output but did not accomplish his previous goal of the ‘catch up and overtake’ slogan considering that the Soviet Union still lagged behind Western capitalist nations in terms of economic power. In terms of manufacturing infrastructure and technological advancements, a colossal industrial complex and city were constructed at Nizhni Novgorod on the Volga with the help of the Austin Company (a large American firm), which was designed to produce over 100,000 vehicles per year. Other American companies were also involved  in building tractor plants in Kharkov, Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk. Among the other spectacular projects was the construction of the steel complex at Magnitogorsk, a brand-new city built from the ground up. (S) The colossal project of Magnitogorsk was one prime example of the sixty or more towns created out of nothing during the First Five-Year Plan. Through the accelerated pace of industrialization employed in the Five-Year Plan, the Soviet Union began producing all the machinery and manufacturing plants necessary to supplement heavy industrialization. Major works included the Moscow, Nizhni-Novgorod, and Gorky automobile plants, the Urals and Kramatorsk heavy machinery plants, the Dnieprostroi hydro-electric project, the mammoth steel plants at Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk, and the network of machine shops and chemical plants in the Urals. Entirely new branches of industry were developed, such as aviation, plastics, and synthetic rubber. The plan constituted an important milestone in the process of the socioeconomic transformation of Russia. At the en d of the Five-Year Plan in 1932, Stalin declared that the First Five-Year Plan had been achieved ahead of time. However, the extent to which it was achieved was vague and unclear, with newspapers only allowed to report â€Å"outstanding achievements† of the Soviet Union advance toward socialism and local state agencies prohibited from publishing any economic data other than the official figures given by Gosplan. Based on the figures in Table 1-1, Stalin declared that the Five-Year Plan for industrial development had been fulfilled by 93.7% in only four years, while development for heavy industry was achieved by 108%. But considering the levels of deception and figure inflation, it is hard to determine how accurate these figures are and to what extent the statements of â€Å"success† can be trusted. Certainly, it was not surprising that the plan did not achieve its prescribed goals of 250% projected growth for overall industrial production and 330% projected growth in heavy industry. Conclusion Essentially, the coercive and abrasive methods of industrialization employed by Stalin during his First Five-Year Plan were admittedly successful when viewed from a holistic perspective. However, it cannot be acknowledged that the plan and how it was particularly executed was comprehensive in achieving its originally proposed objectives of economic development and that the  methods applied were completely effective and appropriate for the Soviet Union. Overall, this essay explicitly raises the question of exactly what constituted the â€Å"achievements† of the Soviet industrial system as a whole, and whether, in fact, the Stalin model of industrialization was ultimately the most effective solution based on its particular approach. First of all, there were several consequences of the over-centralization and very high level of state power reflected in the economic policy of the USSR. The ‘planning’ system established targets emphasizing quantity at the expense of quality, with the particular system of reward and punishment distorting output reports and encouraging ‘storming’ (last-minute attempts to achieve targets) and hoarding, i.e. waste, of raw materials. This system of economy was responsive to a small number of ‘customers’ but inherently inflexible for it could not change to rising demands. Furthermore, due to the stringent political climate that drove the command, bureaucratic economy and encouraged severe output inflation among factories, the extent to which the industrialization results are credible is still unknown. Secondly, the incorporation of the Stalinist political regime into the promotion of economic success would prove to be effective yet also damaging. The elaborate propaganda campaigns set out by Stalin and the injection of popular nationalism at critical periods, won popular support for the program of in dustrialization. Furthermore, there was a particular kind of motivation present in the enthusiastic officials to establish the pace of industrialization. Now, whether such enthusiasm was felt by the Communist Party as much as Stalin is still under question. However, the darker side of the system was that the pace of industrialization could only be accomplished at the human cost and real sacrifices. Lastly, the urban economy was kept static and investment exclusive to heavy industry at the expense of consumer-oriented production. Certainly, the prominence of military production in the economy can be potentially beneficial, but at the same time imminently harmful. Paul Kennedy would later disclose an analysis of the rise and fall of great powers that applied especially to the Soviet Union in which he warned that â€Å"if†¦too large a proportion of the state’s resources is diverted from wealth creation and allocated instead to military purposes, then that is likely to lead to a weakening of national power over the longer term†. (T) The huge investments in producer-goods industries led  to acute shortages of labor, ca pital, and material in other crucial sectors. Factories did not meet their expected targets and would provide quantity at the cost of quality. Instead of producing the projected 2,000 tractors by September 1930, the Stalingrad tractor factory produced only forty-three, which began to fall apart after seventy-two hours of operation. Thus, the deep bureaucratization of the economy, in concert with the particular features of the Soviet policy, produced a combination of contradictory forces originating from bureaucratic self-interests and impulsive political will. This would prevent the emergence of the right mix of factors that would assure the normal functioning of the economy. Completely new branches of industry were built and massive manufacturing plants were undertaken, certainly contributing to the notion of the USSR as an emerging industrial power. However, this new power was endowed with fallible features: the inherent tendency to produce harmful imbalances, the blatant ignorance to consumer goods, production of quantity at the expense of quality, ineffective economic administrative system, etc. Essentially, Stalin did not achieve comprehensive industrialization for the USSR, but he did force the nation to advance from its backward, agrarian state and into a momentum towards economic growth and industrial d evelopment. Notes 1. Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953): born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhughashvili. In office as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 3 April 1922 – 16 October 1952 and Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. 2. Evan Mawdsley: Professor of International History in the Department of History, University of Glasgow. His previous publications include The Russian Civil War (1983/2008), The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and its Members, 1917–1991 (with Stephen White, 2000), The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953 (2003) and Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945 (2005). 3. Robert Gellately: Newfoundland-born Canadian academic who is one of the leading historians of modern Europe, particularly during World War II and the Cold War era. He is presently Earl Ray Beck Professor of History at Florida State University and was the Bertelsmann Visiting Profe ssor of Twentieth-Century Jewish Politics and